Health Physics Biological Imaging and Radiology Technology

Question: Q1 a) Explain the principles behind how Ultrasound images are produced, include information on Doppler imaging. (You may use a diagram or images of Ultrasound scans, these should be fully referenced.) b) Explain the principles behind how Ultrasound can be used to treat patients with kidney stones. (You may use a diagram or images of Ultrasound waves, these should be fully referenced.) c) Explain the principles behind how X Ray images are produced. (You may use a diagram or images of X Rays, these should be fully referenced.) Q2 List the effects that Laser light can have on Human Tissue and explain how each of these effects can be used for treating patients. (You may use diagrams or images of Laser use in Healthcare these should be fully referenced.) Q3 For each of the following imaging methods find a suitable source (internet or book) that lists the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging method and fill in the table below. Answer: Principles of Ultrasound Imaging: Imaging is basically the discipline in which biological imaging and radiology technology is used to make images and make the problems in the parts of body clear. The various imaging technologies are x-ray radiography, medical ultrasonography, endoscopy, ultrasound, tactile imaging. A series of pulses are transmitted so that the movement of blood can be detected in ultrasound scanners. The echoes from the stationery tissues remain same from the pulse to pulse but the echoes from the moving scattered are slightly different at the time of the signal that is to be returned to the receiver. This difference could be measured as direct time difference from which the Doppler frequency is obtained. After that processing is done to produce a Doppler sonogram or color flow display. The ultrasound images of flow whether they are of spectral Doppler or color flow are obtained from measurement of movement (Deane (2002)) Explain the principles behind how Ultrasound can be used to treat patients with kidney stones. Basically the shock wave lithotripsy is one of the most common the shock waves from outside are targeted at the kidney stone which fragments the stone then the stones breaks into small pieces. Explain the principles behind how X Ray images are produced. Principles of X-Ray: X-rays are the form of electromagnetic radiations. There is higher energy in the x-rays and they can pass through many objects which includes the body. The images of the tissues and structure of the body is generated by the medical x-rays. When the x-ray passes through the body then an image is formed on the other side of the detector which normally represents the shadow formed by the objects inside the body. In order to create a radiograph the patient is placed in such way that the part of body is located between the x-ray detector and x-ray source that is required to be imaged. After turning on the machine the x-ray travels through the body and the tissues absorbs it in different amounts depending on the density of the radiograph. For example, in the structures like bone this contains calcium and has atomic number to be higher as compared to most of the tissues. Due to this property of the bone the bone absorbs the x-ray and a high contrast is produced by the bone on the x-ray dete ctor. Due to which other tissues are less whiter then the bony structures as against the black background of radiograph. There is a filter which covers the radiographic film and hence reduces the scattered x-rays amount which may cause chemical reaction. A silver bromide covers the film which is a polyester sheet.(more detail) Q.2. List the effects that Laser light can have on Human Tissue and explain how each of these effects can be used for treating patients. These days laser dentistry has become a trend because of its various advantages and the ease of the procedures involved in it. The effects of laser on the tissue include the following: Accelerated tissue repair: The laser light is somewhat similar to the process of photosynthesis in which the light penetrated deeply in to the tissue and powers the synthesis of adenosine tri-phosphate. ATP is the carrier of energy to the different living cells. It further increases the energy level to the cell so that it can be possible for the cells to take the nutrients at faster pace and it can get rid of waste products. Rapid formation of collagen: The most important protein found in the body is collagen. Body is made up of various kinds of tissues and the connective tissues are widely distributed the fibroblasts uses the energy from the laser light which increases the production of collagen. Less scar tissue are present in the area where laser light is applied. Beneficial effect on nerve cells: The pain that is transmitted from the nerve cells to the brain is blocked by the laser effect thus this laser has a beneficial effect on the nerve cells. Laser light increases the activity of ATP.(Keogh. (2010)) Formation of new capillaries: The blood flow increases with many types of treatments and this is the result of the laser light but laser light does not form new capillaries in the damaged tissue.(Incesu (2015)) The laser lights passes through the body cuts and lands over the wound it cuts the wound in to very small and tiny pieces and seals the wound that way the wound is cured then and there with the help of laser light. For each of the following imaging methods find a suitable source (internet or book) that lists the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging method and fill in the table below. Advantages Disadvantages X Ray Imaging (include CT scanning and fluoroscopy with clear labels for the relevant sections) X Ray Used to treat various tumours before its spreads in the body. Help in identification of bone cancer CT scan The CT scans are very speedy. They take just seconds and scan the entire body There are less stringent requirements in the CT scan as compared to the MRI Fluoroscopy Provides functional and dynamic information It is quite in expensive method It is good for visualised bony structures X Ray Higher risk of getting cancer from X-Rays The base of DNA is changed which causes mutation. CT scan CT scans are not suitable for the pregnant women unless they are medically necessary. They are very dangerous for the children Fluoroscopy The soft tissue resolution is very poor Chances of skin injuries are there due to radiation exposure Overlapping autonomy might be displayed Ultrasound Imaging High sensitivity or accuracy Bedside test No radiation Relatively low cost Differential diagnosis is allowed Portable Additional studies might be required due to inclusive cases. It is dependent on the operator Not able to assess soft tissues Unsuitable for imaging the lungs b) Include a full reference for your source(s) and briefly explain why you believe the source(s) to be reliable There are various factors which influence the reliability of MRI like thermal noise, system noise in the scanner, changes in the cognitive strategy. These are very reliable as they have the ability to detect the signals from the backgrounds of the meaningless noise. There have been various methods that has been created to measure the reliability of MRI. These sources are very reliable as they depict a proper image of the various parts of the body and help in detecting the issues or wounds which can be cured. The images created by the use of these methods are very clear and the doctors can read those and reach on various conclusions. c ) Evaluate two advantages and one disadvantage for each imaging method that you feel are the most important features of the imaging mode, include relevant information on how the advantages/disadvantage affects its use imaging ability quality of image produced ability to diagnose certain problems Advantages of CT scan: It determines whether surgeries are required It reduces the length of hospitalization It improves cancer diagnosis and treatment(Huitt (2010)) By this the use of CT Scans is very popular and the quality of the image produced by the CT scan is very good. Disadvantages of CT scan: CT scan delivers a very high dose of radiations as compared to various other scan though this does not affects its use it is still being widely used all over.(Winston (2012)) There is a dose received by the patient undergoing CT scan which is known as contrast material so few areas of the body are highlighted on the scan.(Ellis (2009)) Bibliography Deane, C (2002), Sonoworld, viewed 27 March (2016), https://sonoworld.com/Client/Fetus/html/doppler/capitulos-html/chapter_01.htm. Ellis, S (2009), Investigating Science: Grade 10., Pearson, viewed 27 March (2016). Edmonds , M. and Gloud, E. (2016), How stuff works: How MRI Works, [Online]. Available at: https://science.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm (accessed 27 March 2016). Huitt, W (2010), edpsycinteractive, viewed 27 March (2016), https://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/prbsmbti.html. Incesu, L (2015), Medscape, viewed 27 March (2016), https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/363818-overview. (2010), Nursing laboratory diagnostic tests DeMYSTified, The McGraw-Hil Companies, Inc., United States of America. (2011), A Patient's Guide To Medical Imaging., Qxford University Press, Inc, New York. org, N (2004), MRI about, viewed 27 March (2016), https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/mri/about.html. Perry., Srpawls, viewed 27 March (2016), https://www.sprawls.org/mripmt/MRI05/. Winston, B (2012), eHow, viewed 27 March (2016), https://www.ehow.com/list_6456817_advantages-disadvantages-ct-scans.html.