Health Physics Biological Imaging and Radiology Technology

Question: Q1 a) Explain the principles behind how Ultrasound images are produced, include information on Doppler imaging. (You may use a diagram or images of Ultrasound scans, these should be fully referenced.) b) Explain the principles behind how Ultrasound can be used to treat patients with kidney stones. (You may use a diagram or images of Ultrasound waves, these should be fully referenced.) c) Explain the principles behind how X Ray images are produced. (You may use a diagram or images of X Rays, these should be fully referenced.) Q2 List the effects that Laser light can have on Human Tissue and explain how each of these effects can be used for treating patients. (You may use diagrams or images of Laser use in Healthcare these should be fully referenced.) Q3 For each of the following imaging methods find a suitable source (internet or book) that lists the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging method and fill in the table below. Answer: Principles of Ultrasound Imaging: Imaging is basically the discipline in which biological imaging and radiology technology is used to make images and make the problems in the parts of body clear. The various imaging technologies are x-ray radiography, medical ultrasonography, endoscopy, ultrasound, tactile imaging. A series of pulses are transmitted so that the movement of blood can be detected in ultrasound scanners. The echoes from the stationery tissues remain same from the pulse to pulse but the echoes from the moving scattered are slightly different at the time of the signal that is to be returned to the receiver. This difference could be measured as direct time difference from which the Doppler frequency is obtained. After that processing is done to produce a Doppler sonogram or color flow display. The ultrasound images of flow whether they are of spectral Doppler or color flow are obtained from measurement of movement (Deane (2002)) Explain the principles behind how Ultrasound can be used to treat patients with kidney stones. Basically the shock wave lithotripsy is one of the most common the shock waves from outside are targeted at the kidney stone which fragments the stone then the stones breaks into small pieces. Explain the principles behind how X Ray images are produced. Principles of X-Ray: X-rays are the form of electromagnetic radiations. There is higher energy in the x-rays and they can pass through many objects which includes the body. The images of the tissues and structure of the body is generated by the medical x-rays. When the x-ray passes through the body then an image is formed on the other side of the detector which normally represents the shadow formed by the objects inside the body. In order to create a radiograph the patient is placed in such way that the part of body is located between the x-ray detector and x-ray source that is required to be imaged. After turning on the machine the x-ray travels through the body and the tissues absorbs it in different amounts depending on the density of the radiograph. For example, in the structures like bone this contains calcium and has atomic number to be higher as compared to most of the tissues. Due to this property of the bone the bone absorbs the x-ray and a high contrast is produced by the bone on the x-ray dete ctor. Due to which other tissues are less whiter then the bony structures as against the black background of radiograph. There is a filter which covers the radiographic film and hence reduces the scattered x-rays amount which may cause chemical reaction. A silver bromide covers the film which is a polyester sheet.(more detail) Q.2. List the effects that Laser light can have on Human Tissue and explain how each of these effects can be used for treating patients. These days laser dentistry has become a trend because of its various advantages and the ease of the procedures involved in it. The effects of laser on the tissue include the following: Accelerated tissue repair: The laser light is somewhat similar to the process of photosynthesis in which the light penetrated deeply in to the tissue and powers the synthesis of adenosine tri-phosphate. ATP is the carrier of energy to the different living cells. It further increases the energy level to the cell so that it can be possible for the cells to take the nutrients at faster pace and it can get rid of waste products. Rapid formation of collagen: The most important protein found in the body is collagen. Body is made up of various kinds of tissues and the connective tissues are widely distributed the fibroblasts uses the energy from the laser light which increases the production of collagen. Less scar tissue are present in the area where laser light is applied. Beneficial effect on nerve cells: The pain that is transmitted from the nerve cells to the brain is blocked by the laser effect thus this laser has a beneficial effect on the nerve cells. Laser light increases the activity of ATP.(Keogh. (2010)) Formation of new capillaries: The blood flow increases with many types of treatments and this is the result of the laser light but laser light does not form new capillaries in the damaged tissue.(Incesu (2015)) The laser lights passes through the body cuts and lands over the wound it cuts the wound in to very small and tiny pieces and seals the wound that way the wound is cured then and there with the help of laser light. For each of the following imaging methods find a suitable source (internet or book) that lists the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging method and fill in the table below. Advantages Disadvantages X Ray Imaging (include CT scanning and fluoroscopy with clear labels for the relevant sections) X Ray Used to treat various tumours before its spreads in the body. Help in identification of bone cancer CT scan The CT scans are very speedy. They take just seconds and scan the entire body There are less stringent requirements in the CT scan as compared to the MRI Fluoroscopy Provides functional and dynamic information It is quite in expensive method It is good for visualised bony structures X Ray Higher risk of getting cancer from X-Rays The base of DNA is changed which causes mutation. CT scan CT scans are not suitable for the pregnant women unless they are medically necessary. They are very dangerous for the children Fluoroscopy The soft tissue resolution is very poor Chances of skin injuries are there due to radiation exposure Overlapping autonomy might be displayed Ultrasound Imaging High sensitivity or accuracy Bedside test No radiation Relatively low cost Differential diagnosis is allowed Portable Additional studies might be required due to inclusive cases. It is dependent on the operator Not able to assess soft tissues Unsuitable for imaging the lungs b) Include a full reference for your source(s) and briefly explain why you believe the source(s) to be reliable There are various factors which influence the reliability of MRI like thermal noise, system noise in the scanner, changes in the cognitive strategy. These are very reliable as they have the ability to detect the signals from the backgrounds of the meaningless noise. There have been various methods that has been created to measure the reliability of MRI. These sources are very reliable as they depict a proper image of the various parts of the body and help in detecting the issues or wounds which can be cured. The images created by the use of these methods are very clear and the doctors can read those and reach on various conclusions. c ) Evaluate two advantages and one disadvantage for each imaging method that you feel are the most important features of the imaging mode, include relevant information on how the advantages/disadvantage affects its use imaging ability quality of image produced ability to diagnose certain problems Advantages of CT scan: It determines whether surgeries are required It reduces the length of hospitalization It improves cancer diagnosis and treatment(Huitt (2010)) By this the use of CT Scans is very popular and the quality of the image produced by the CT scan is very good. Disadvantages of CT scan: CT scan delivers a very high dose of radiations as compared to various other scan though this does not affects its use it is still being widely used all over.(Winston (2012)) There is a dose received by the patient undergoing CT scan which is known as contrast material so few areas of the body are highlighted on the scan.(Ellis (2009)) Bibliography Deane, C (2002), Sonoworld, viewed 27 March (2016), https://sonoworld.com/Client/Fetus/html/doppler/capitulos-html/chapter_01.htm. Ellis, S (2009), Investigating Science: Grade 10., Pearson, viewed 27 March (2016). Edmonds , M. and Gloud, E. (2016), How stuff works: How MRI Works, [Online]. Available at: https://science.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm (accessed 27 March 2016). Huitt, W (2010), edpsycinteractive, viewed 27 March (2016), https://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/prbsmbti.html. Incesu, L (2015), Medscape, viewed 27 March (2016), https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/363818-overview. (2010), Nursing laboratory diagnostic tests DeMYSTified, The McGraw-Hil Companies, Inc., United States of America. (2011), A Patient's Guide To Medical Imaging., Qxford University Press, Inc, New York. org, N (2004), MRI about, viewed 27 March (2016), https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/mri/about.html. Perry., Srpawls, viewed 27 March (2016), https://www.sprawls.org/mripmt/MRI05/. Winston, B (2012), eHow, viewed 27 March (2016), https://www.ehow.com/list_6456817_advantages-disadvantages-ct-scans.html.

Haemon vs Creon Essay Example

Haemon vs Creon Essay Haemon enters and tells his father he will accept his ruling, due to the fatherly authority Creon has over him.Haemon refers to him as his good advisor and will follow any path Creon sees fit.This pleases Creon because as he sees it, his word is law in all things.He goes on ranting on the importance of a good son and advises him to forget Antigone.Creon tells Haemon she has gone against his orders and he does not want his people to see him break his word.Despite their kinship he, If I bring up my own family To flout me, there will be no holding others.A man who sees his family obey him Will have authority in public matters.Creon believes that disobedience is the worst of evils, and that discipline is what holds everything together, so we must stand up for law and order to keep the city together. Haemon interjects with the backing of reason which the gods endow mankind with, suggesting that his father not be so rash in his decision.He is not going against his father; he just wants him to wear on open mind. The rest of the debate supports the fact that Sophocles seems to favor Haemons views on political authority.The playwright makes the reader side with Haemon due to justice and reason. For example, by comparing Creon to the tree that does not bend is an awesome analogy; the reader knows what happens in the end and what eventually will overcome in the end.Also all the rebuttals from Haemon in reply to his fathers childish remarks make for a better argument of justice within reason, as opposed to his fathers reasoningthis is my word, hence, the law.

Main Information on Students Leisure Time

Main Information on Students Leisure Time Main Information on Student’s Leisure Time When it comes to hiring a writing company, most of the students (who don’t use professional writing services) think that only a lazy or a stupid scholar can pay for an assignment. However, our clients just don’t have time and we can prove it by multiple researches, conducted across the country! Free time It is difficult to believe that students spend all their time at the library or sitting with books in their hands instead of partying. So how many students lack free time? According to statistics, the numbers are as follows: 30% of students of the first year have no free time; 45% of second year students also don’t have leisure because of studying; Almost 40% of third year students can’t spend their free time the way they want, because they combine studies with work and chores. 20% of all the respondents claimed that they don’t have free time because they sleep more than eight hours a day. The way students spend their leisure First year students: 20% partying with friends or entertaining; 60% at home; 20% other. Second year: 15% visiting various places; 39% spending time with friends; 40% at home. Third year: 52% hanging out with friends and entertaining; 48% spending at home. Gender peculiarities While 42% of girls like spending time with their friends and family, 24% watch TV and 3% do sports. When it comes to boys, 18% spend time in a company and 18% watch TV, while 30% do sports. Combining work with studies Usually students work 30 hours per week, while studying. Moreover, 70% of all the students have worked during their high school years. Â  25% of working students have a full-time employment.

Strategic Planning Process in Public Administration Essay

Strategic Planning Process in Public Administration - Essay Example Public administration encompasses reconciliation of in-built conflicts between democratic governance and administrative bureaucracy. Bureaucracies stay identical with managerial approaches established on uniform procedures, hierarchical structures and formalization that remain anonymously carried out. Management based bureaucratic strategies include planning, coordinating, controlling, directing and organizing. Public administration also involves behavior based democratic practices embraced from various fields such as sociology and remains utilized within the framework of accountability in democracy. Most notably, the field has considerably changed since the 1930s to incorporate social equity as an integral part of the government’s mission. In overall, public administration entails the formation and implementation of government or public policies. Public administration faces various complications, issues or barriers to the realization of efficient strategic planning process. A unifying set of principles remain absent in guiding practitioners while past practices remain insufficient in meeting the 21st century challenges. Hence, the intellectual framework needed to drive forward contemporary public administration as a discipline remains a necessity. It would be difficult to change laws and their cumulative effects also generate perverse outcomes. It becomes complicated to avoid rigidities accumulated over time in relation to rules, norms and laws while conserving the merit of law regimes in strategic public administration planning. Similarly, the field of public administration lags behind changes occurring in today’s practice. The internal systems of public organizations have low tolerance for risks thus making them to resist change or adapt slowly. Hence, many reforms have not brought about change leaving traditional approaches to restate themselves over time (Bourgon, 2011). The growth of non-governmental service delivery approaches such as loans , transfers, grants, tax credit and insurance comprise today’s bulk government spending. However, these approaches create a gap between service delivery and decisions on funding in the traditional accountability framework since public resources become allocated to organizations and individuals thought as could produce anticipated results. In this regard, this situation should be mitigated through the establishment of new accountability measures capable of producing desired results. The government lags behind in acting as the principal instrument in providing tangible and direct public services. As a result, complex public results cannot be achieved since public services in the present day remain increasingly intermediate, intangible and indirect. A high level of interdependence and wide dispersion of power remain increasingly uncertain in the presence of networked societies and global economy thereby adding onto the government’s responsibilities of addressing public is sues (Holmberg & Rothstein, 2012). Research activities on public administration add significance to the field’s theoretical base and literature regardless of methodologies used. This follows the fact that public administration as an applied discipline supports various research traditions. However, difference of opinions and conflict continues to exist between practitioners and scholars over the applicability and relevancy of the varying epistemic or research approaches in strategic planning. This raises questions as to whether public administration exists as a political, gendered or social construct or if reality could be an objective occurrence when undertaking strategic planning process (Riccucci, 2010). Open and

Market Structures Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Market Structures Analyses - Essay Example The producers can't afford the labor without selling their crops. Their debts build up and their crops are left to ruin. In a perfectly competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers and therefore no individual player can influence the market as a whole. Hence the firms become "price takers" by accepting the price determined by the intersection of the demand and supply curves. Therefore the firm's demand curve is perfectly elastic and price equals marginal revenue as shown in the graph. Individual firms cannot increase prices due to the competitiveness of the market and the highly elastic demand curve. Hence there are normal profits to be gained for the producers. The products are homogenous and therefore the buyers are indifferent as to which firm they purchase from. There are no barriers to entry or exit; hence firms can enter and leave the industry with no cost liabilities. In such a competitive environment, there is maximum efficiency and competent allocation of resources with minimum wastage. A trace of monopolistic competition is found in chapter 13 of the book where the Joads stop to fill gas at a gas station. The owner of the station is characterized as a crushed man, one who is afraid of the change that the world around him has embraced. He talks about how he sees cars move west all day and the only ones that stop in his station are the ones that have no money. They exchange beds, baby buggies, pots, pans, dolls, even shoes for the gas. The rich cars, however, stop only at company stations in town. He refers to these stations as the yellow painted ones in town. We also notice how the owner tries to imitate the company stations with the yellow paint but fails because of the loose hangings and the old cracks in his beaten old station. Monopolistic competition or imperfect competition is relatively similar to that of perfect competition except that the products are not homogenous. There are large number of players in the market, but due to differentiation of products, each individual firm has a small market share and a limited ability to influence prices. In this market, the barriers to entry are very small and there is sufficient product knowledge among the consumers. Product differentiation, which is the characteristic of monopolistic competition, creates a difference between products by deeming them similar but not identical. The product of one producer can be differentiated from that of another. A competitive producer uses non price competitive methods such as advertising, packaging, brand names, design to differentiate his products. There are substitutes in the market but they are not perfect substitutes. Firms have some control over prices, but the demand curve remains downward sloping and elastic. The producer aims at maximizing his profits by charging as much as he can over and above the output where his marginal revenue and costs equal, without compromising his sales. In the long run, however, new entries will shift the demand curve and the cost curve, thereby squeezing the profits. Oligopoly Chapter 19 narrates the

Report Detailing Network Solution for Extension Site Assignment

Report Detailing Network Solution for Extension Site - Assignment Example The router should have a minimum of three interfaces. The first interface connects directly to the server. The second interface provides a connection to the sub networks while the other one connects to the internet for synchronization with the remote back-up servers, and databases. This takes place while also allowing the system to synchronize with standard global time. The fixed port switch provides connectivity from the router to the hosts. This switch should be able to sustain the traffic on the network. The network should also support voice, video and data to be transmitted simultaneously over the network. The transmission of voice and data will facilitate communication on the network and exchange of information. The users are divided into four subnets that support an approximate equal number of hosts. This can be classified according to departments. It will improve communication between the users. The network should also allow flexibility and easy addition of new nodes such as the university’s school of nursing extension site. The initial set up supports 24 hosts and these will be divided into the subnets. They should however facilitate the growth of the network, which involves the increase in data traffic and consequent increase in user activity (Alexander, 2004). The use of a local file server helps manage the data in the network. It is essential that the network have a local server for effective data management. The use of the outlined equipment will help save on costs for developing the network that supports a few users and can deliver efficiently. The network’s design allows for scalability because growth in any institution is

Free Essays - The Need for Capital Punishment :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Essays - The Need for Capital Punishment      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imagine yourself in a room, 12 feet long by 6 feet wide.   You're sitting on a metal bed bolted to the floor with a thin foam cushion.   The only other things in the room are a table and a chair, a sink and a toilet.   There is no window, only a small faint light on the ceiling.   You spend all of your time in this room, you have no choice.   This is your dining room, your den, your bedroom and your bathroom.   You are allowed to read and write letters in this room.   You cannot entertain guests in this room, you must go somewhere else for that, in a room with a mesh screen for you to sit behind, where you are constantly watched over.   Even though this is your bathroom, it has no shower stall or bathtub, but once a week you are allowed to leave this room to take a shower.   Your days are spent inside this room reading, thinking and worrying.   You aren't in any ordinary room, you're in a cell on death row.   A cell reserved for people who were sentenced to death for committing a crime.   Death could be by firing squad, lethel injection, the gas chamber or electric chair.   Chances are you've been in this room for many years and will be for many more.   Your lawyers have began the lenghthly appeal process.   Once all the appeals have failed, it soon is time, and you will be moved to a holding cell.   There you will be offered your final mean, of your choice.   Your last visitors arrive, first your lawyer, your family members and at last a preist who prays with you.   You take your final glance around the room, as you are lead to another room close by, the execution room. A few prison officials are present to witness your execution.   In a matter of moments it's over.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You could have been Gary Gilmore, Ted Bundy or Charles Brooks, all famous serial killers.   Maybe you were the first women to die by lethel injection, Marcie Barfield, or the first women to die by the electric chair, Martha Place.   Whoever it was well deserved this punishment, in fact, some readily accepted it in comparison to spending the rest of their lives in a jail cell, but many people who did deserve the death penalty did not recieve it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In August 1969, seven people died at the hands of a serial killer including eight month pregnant acress Sharon Tate.   This was the result of a